Copy from answer from Solomon Rutzky on topic SQL Server : HOw To trace progress of Create index command. This query is very useful to trace the progress. Pam Lahoud also mention in SQL 2019, that is new dmv called sys.index_resumable_operations which trace resume index operation.
I copy script to here for reference and reference URL as below
https://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/139191/sql-server-how-to-track-progress-of-create-index-command
DECLARE @SPID INT = 51;
;WITH agg AS
(
SELECT SUM(qp.[row_count]) AS [RowsProcessed],
SUM(qp.[estimate_row_count]) AS [TotalRows],
MAX(qp.last_active_time) - MIN(qp.first_active_time) AS [ElapsedMS],
MAX(IIF(qp.[close_time] = 0 AND qp.[first_row_time] > 0,
[physical_operator_name],
N'<Transition>')) AS [CurrentStep]
FROM sys.dm_exec_query_profiles qp
WHERE qp.[physical_operator_name] IN (N'Table Scan', N'Clustered Index Scan',
N'Index Scan', N'Sort')
AND qp.[session_id] = @SPID
), comp AS
(
SELECT *,
([TotalRows] - [RowsProcessed]) AS [RowsLeft],
([ElapsedMS] / 1000.0) AS [ElapsedSeconds]
FROM agg
)
SELECT [CurrentStep],
[TotalRows],
[RowsProcessed],
[RowsLeft],
CONVERT(DECIMAL(5, 2),
(([RowsProcessed] * 1.0) / [TotalRows]) * 100) AS [PercentComplete],
[ElapsedSeconds],
(([ElapsedSeconds] / [RowsProcessed]) * [RowsLeft]) AS [EstimatedSecondsLeft],
DATEADD(SECOND,
(([ElapsedSeconds] / [RowsProcessed]) * [RowsLeft]),
GETDATE()) AS [EstimatedCompletionTime]
FROM comp;